Engineering Governance of Electric Mobility Transitions: Comparative Systems Analysis ofNorway’s Demand-Side Electrification Model and China’s Integrated EV Industrial Ecosystem

Abstract

This article examines how electric mobility systems are engineered, governed, and institutionalized as
infrastructures for sustainable transport transformation and socio-economic development. Using a
comparative engineering systems analysis of Norway and China, the study argues that electric vehicle
transition cannot be explained by vehicle adoption alone; it depends on interactions among battery
technologies, charging networks, electricity systems, fiscal incentives, industrial policy, data platforms, grid
integration, consumer behavior, and regulatory governance. Norway represents a demand-side electrification
model characterized by high electric vehicle market penetration, fiscal incentives, public charging expansion,
renewable electricity supply, and coordinated user adoption policies. China represents an integrated
industrial ecosystem model characterized by large-scale electric vehicle manufacturing, battery supply
chains, charging infrastructure, digital platforms, state-directed industrial policy, and rapidly growing
domestic demand. The findings indicate that Norway demonstrates how stable incentives and infrastructure
coordination can accelerate consumer adoption, while China demonstrates how manufacturing scale, battery
innovation, and infrastructure deployment can transform industrial competitiveness. However, Norway faces
charging congestion, grid-load management, and fiscal transition challenges, while China faces regional
infrastructure inequality, battery material pressure, market consolidation, and lifecycle sustainability
constraints. The article contributes to science and engineering scholarship by developing a conceptual model linking electric mobility architecture, technological integration, governance capacity, sustainability
performance, and socio-economic resilience..